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Written By Prof. Khalil Alsalem lecture given by Dr. Husam al Bana Keratoplasty, commonly known as corneal transplantation, is one of the most important surgical procedures in ophthalmology. It is performed when the cornea becomes cloudy, scarred, thin, swollen, irregular, or structurally damaged in a way that affects vision or threatens the integrity of the

Written by Prof. Khalil Alsalem , Lecture given by Dr. Husam ABU farsakh Biomarkers in ophthalmology are transforming how clinicians diagnose and monitor eye diseases. In recent years, the use of biomarkers in ophthalmology, including biomarkers in orbital cancers, biomarkers in uveitis, and biomarkers in thyroid orbitopathy, has gained remarkable attention. These measurable biological indicators